Antimicrobial Resistance Research Hub - Fish

AMR Newsletter 4

Ekta Patel — Tue, 14 Jul 2020 14:52:24 +0000

The following newsletter provides access and overview of the communication content of the CGIAR AMR hub led by ILRI that has been developed with our scientific partners for this quarter

The following blog posts have been developed:

Watch a video:

Watch a five minute video made by Haiya TV as a series covering Antibiotic Resistance: The next public health disaster featuring Arshnee Moodley (CGIAR AMR Hub), Dr. David Silverstein, Prof. Gunturu Revathi (Aga Khan University Hospital),Dr Victor Yamo (World Animal Protection)

Media Highlights:

The Petri Dish, Fleming Fund discusses the CGIAR AMR Hub, Issue 15

Something to share with your partners:

Share the brochure on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Facility at the CGIAR AMR Hub

Review research highlights under the five pillars:

In other news

With the support of the CGIAR AMR-Hub:

Mahesh Jampani has joined IWMI as a researcher on water quality modelling (AMR). He will be investigating the sources, loads, transport and fate of antimicrobial compounds, resistant bacteria, and antimicrobial resistant genes in water systems. AMR Hub communications looks forward to catching up with him on a Q&A on his project.

Lilian Wambua, FLAIR fellow joins ILRI where her project focuses on developing diagnostics from shortcomings caused by infections caused by AMR.

Dishon Muloi, Postdoctoral Fellow also joins ILRI to implement the Fleming Fund country grant for Kenya focusing on strengthening One Health surveillance for AMR.

CGIAR AMR Hub supported activities with World Fish and University of Exeter to raise awareness of antimicrobial resistance in rural aquaculture practice in Bangladesh through digital communications: a pilot study. Read more here

For more information contact me or amrhub@cgiar.org

CGIAR research program:

Digital communications used to raise awareness of AMR in Bangladesh's aquaculture practices

Ekta Patel — Thu, 12 Mar 2020 12:23:51 +0000

Fishing in Bangladesh (photo credit: Flickr/WorldFish)

A recent pilot study, aimed to investigate the potential for digital communication materials to rapidly and effectively communicate antimicrobial resistance (AMR) messages to rural aquaculture farmers in Bangladesh. Working with stakeholders from the Bangladesh aquaculture industry, the team developed a four-minute digital animation designed specifically for this audience and assessed its capacity to engage and communicate AMR messages to farmers. A small-scale social media campaign was carried out to determine the potential for rapidly disseminating AMR awareness materials to a large audience across Bangladesh, where there is an extensive 4G internet network and an ever-increasing proportion of the population (57% as of December 2019) have mobile internet access.

Thirty-six farmers were surveyed: all of them liked this method of communication and 97% said it would change the way they use antibiotics in the future. Through the social media campaign, the animation received 9,100 views in the first two weeks alone. Although preliminary, these results demonstrate the huge potential for digital communication methods for the rapid and widespread communication of AMR awareness materials to rural aquaculture communities in Bangladesh and across Asia. Results support the need for more research into the most appropriate and effective content of AMR awareness campaigns for aquaculture communities and question the need for explaining the science underlying AMR in such communication materials.

This work was supported by the Economic and Social Research Council, through a Global Challenges Research Fund Impact Accelerator Award; the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC) through a Daphne Jackson Fellowship; jointly by the BBSRC and the Newton Bhabha Fund under Grant BB/N00504X/1; and the Economic and Social Research Council under Grant ES/P004008/1 (to CRT as Co-PI). The social media campaign was funded by WorldFish, CGIAR Research Program Fish Agrifood Systems (FISH), led by WorldFish and funded by contributors to the CGIAR Trust Fund.

Read the full publication

CGIAR research program:

Quick Q&A with newly appointed head of CGIAR AMR Hub, Arshnee Moodley

Ekta Patel — Wed, 08 Jan 2020 12:43:25 +0000

Arshnee Moodley, talks about CGIAR AMR Hub
(photo credit: ILRI/Chi Nguyen).

CGIAR AMR Hub is pleased to welcome Arshnee Moodley, an associate professor from the University of Copenhagen in Denmark to lead the CGIAR AMR Hub hosted and led by ILRI. Having completed her undergraduate degree in 2002 from the University of Witwatersrand, South Africa and received her PhD from the University of Copenhagen, Denmark in 2008, she has spent 12 years supervising and teaching students at the University of Copenhagen on infection microbiology, antimicrobial resistance, bacterial typing and non-antibiotic alternatives. ILRI’s bioscience writer, Ekta Patel caught up with her on some quick Q&A’s to get to know her a little better and to better understand her vision for the CGIAR AMR Hub.

Ekta: Arshnee, I would like to begin by congratulating you on taking on this new position and to say that we are very excited to have you join the CGIAR AMR Hub. I wanted to know a little more about why you took on this role which is quite different to what you may be used too?

Arshnee: Thank you very much. I was interested in this position because personally after spending 14 years at the University of Copenhagen I wanted change and a new challenge. Moreover, after learning so much about antimicrobial resistance and how to mitigate antimicrobial resistance in Denmark, who have been on the forefront of addressing this global threat, I want to take all my knowledge and experience and contribute to AMR controlling on my home continent, where the challenges are very different to those in Europe.

Ekta: As an associate professor, you have been carrying out your own research, what are some of the latest projects you have been working on ?

Arshnee: In last five years, I have been mainly involved in projects centered on discovering novel antimicrobial solutions for animals namely; TRAIN-ASAP and CARTNET, which are two Marie Curie funded early stage training networks. In particular, I was involved in the bacteriophage projects. A third project is Antibiophage, another EU funded project to develop and test a bacteriophage cocktail to treat colibacillosis in poultry. At UCPH, we developed eight cocktails, which in December 2019 we tested two for their in vivo efficacy.

Ekta: What are you most concerned about when it comes to AMR in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)?

Arshnee: In high income countries like Denmark and other EU countries, AMR is an important topic that has been on the animal and human health agenda for more than 20 years. For this reason a number of initiatives and policies are in place to reduce antimicrobial use e.g. ban or restrictions of certain antibiotics, perform routine AM use and AMR surveillance, and investments in AMR research e.g. discovery of new antimicrobial solutions. Unfortunately, in LMICs, AMR is yet another complex health challenge that is further impeded by the fact that it is faceless and insidious problem. In LMICs we also don’t fully understand the circulating AMR levels in animal and human populations, nor do we know about the quantity and quality of antibiotics that are available and for what purpose it is being used in agricultural systems.

Ekta: The CGIAR AMR Hub serves as a platform and a focal point to disseminate information on AMR with our CG partners and with those in the regional and national level. How do you propose we harmonize these various pockets of information from the different partners?

Arshnee: To tackle AMR, we ultimately need to change peoples’ attitudes and behavior in all facets of our society that can only be accomplished through awareness and education. As scientists, we have a social responsibility to share our research and inform the greater public. My ambition is that the CGIAR AMR Hub collates all our AMR research supplement with other research and package this information to be shared not only with those that can bring about the necessary changes e.g. policy makers but also through active engagement and education of our veterinarians, doctors, pharmacists and the public.

Ekta: What is your vision for the CGIAR AMR Hub and what are some of the things that the partners can expect in the coming years?

Arshnee: My vision is that the Hub is recognized in the CG system and amongst our global partners as the “go to” place for AMR knowledge and expertise in agriculture in LMICs. Furthermore, we are establishing a state-of-the-art antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) laboratory that will available to all our partners, with the goal to support our AMR projects and assist our regional partners. Accurately performed AST is crucial for treatment decisions, AMR surveillance and evaluating the effects of any interventions.

Read her bio here

CGIAR research program:

Antimicrobial resistance through the eyes of journalists in Kenya

Ekta Patel — Thu, 05 Dec 2019 10:19:21 +0000

Written by Ekta Patel

Participants at the CGIAR AMR hub media sensitization
(photo credit: ILRI/Paul Karaimu)

In the lead up to the World Antibiotic Awareness Week 2019 (#WAAW2019), which is celebrated every year in November, the CGIAR AMR Hub at the International Livestock research Institute (ILRI) jointly with Kenya's ministries of Health and Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation hosted, at the ILRI campus in Nairobi, a media sensitization on raising antimicrobial resistance (AMR) awareness.

Twenty-five journalists from a cross section of Kenya's media houses and magazine publishers attended the event and were joined by key speakers and observers from the Ministry of Health, the Directorate of Veterinary Services, the Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI) and the University of Nairobi (UONBI).

Antibiotics are an essential part of treating human beings and animals; from the child who needs antibiotics to treat an infection from a graze in the knee, the elderly person who need antibiotics after a knee replacement surgery, to the sick cow in a farm that needs treatment. As Rudi Eggers, the World Health Organization (WHO) representative in Kenya says, 'antibiotics are an essential part of our health and we cannot do without them.'

But AMR, which results from the overuse and misuse of antibiotics in both human and animal medicine, has led to a growing number of bacteria in humans, animals and the environment, that are resistant to antibiotics. AMR is now a serious threat to human and animal health.

The ILRI-hosted media sensitization sought to relay accurate research-based information on the challenge posed by AMR to humans, animals and environments both in Kenya and globally and what is being done to tackle the problem. The media practitioners were targeted because of their role as intermediaries of information between AMR researchers and the public. The half-day interactive session shared updates on Kenya's progress in researching and tackling AMR and gave journalists the opportunity to ask key questions to a panel of experts to better understand the realities of AMR and how to communicate them to the public.

Held on 15 November, the event was a curtain-raiser to the official launch of #WAAW2019 regional AMR awareness activities in Kenya. This year, Kenya hosted Africa’s first World Antibiotic Awareness Week on 18–24 November in a campaign supported by the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE), the Food and Agriculture organization of the United Nations (FAO) and WHO.

'This session was extremely helpful,' said Nanjinia Wamuswa, a correspondent at the Standard Group PLC. ‘It has given me an upper hand on the knowledge of AMR, and I walked away with a lot of information about AMR from hearing it directly from the various stakeholders. I now realize that AMR is not just a Kenyan problem but rather a global issue and not addressing it can actually derail national efforts towards achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) including ending poverty, hunger and ensuring good health and well-being,’ he added.

Wamuswa said the session brought together journalists and scientists working in AMR and representatives of government health and agriculture agencies who shared accurate information about the problem. 'I am now keen to visit farmer(s) to see how they manage livestock and crops and from the conversation – armed with knowledge of AMR – I can now relate to the problem. I will also gauge farmers’ awareness on AMR, on the use of antibiotics and also get field doctors to share their experiences on AMR so that I can better disseminate the messages about the need to prevent and tackle AMR.’

Gilbert Nkweya, a science and technology journalist at SciDev.net said the event provided a snapshot of what was being carried in the fight against AMR. ‘It was a really good chance to meet experts working on AMR and we got a chance to interview scientists from various institutions and government officials. It clarified confusion in reporting which is very important.’

Milliam Murigi, a mother and writer for People Daily, was grateful for such an informative discussion with scientists, clinical doctors and government officials. ‘I take antibiotics all the time at the slightest sign of a flu. I even carry them in my handbag. I did not realize that antibiotics cannot treat viral infections. I will no longer take antibiotics for the sake of it,' she said. She further added that she will be cautious and mindful of what is prescribed to her daughter.

Several journalists who attended this event are parents who were surprised at how often they have been giving their children over-the-counter antibiotics, which are sadly often readily sold in many pharmacies without a prescription. While most said they would change the way they use antibiotics, the journalists also called for stricter limitations on the availability of over-the-counter antibiotics, an issue that the Ministry of Health is already looking into. The FAO's Africa regional representative Scott Newman, rightfully pointed out the need 'to improve our control of regulations, management and access to these antibiotics.’

Read more about #WAAW2019 celebration in Kenya:

Antibiotic resistance: Africa Needs to increase investments by Sharon Atieno from Science Africa
Kenya at the centre of Africa’s Antibiotic resistance fight, by Kimani Chege for the Exchange
It will take joint efforts to beat antibiotic resistance by Lucy Mwangi at the Daily Nation
Ways to avoid unnecessary antibiotics by the People Daily
Over the counter drugs fuel deadly antibiotics resistance by Lilian Kaivilu at People Daily
For others, natural, herb-based antibiotics are preferred solutions by Grace Wachira at People’s Daily
Concerns over increasing cases of antibiotic resistance, by Kenya Broadcasting Corporation who attended a media breakfast and had the opportunity to interview stakeholders such as Yewande Alimi, the AMR coordinator for Africa Centre for Disease Control.

Watch AMR video released during #WAAW2019:

Bacteriophage-based alternatives to antibiotic to tackle Salmonella in poultry farms in Kenya, featuring ILRI scientists, Nicholas Svitek and Nicoline de Haan by IDRC|CRDI
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) educational video created primarily for an East African audience, funded by UK BBSRC/GCRF Public engagement grant supported by CGIAR Agriculture for Nutrition and Health Program.

CGIAR research program:

World Bank report says 'AMR-smart' solutions needed to beat superbugs and ensure a healthier future

Ekta Patel — Mon, 28 Oct 2019 11:29:30 +0000

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a silent pandemic that is a growing threat to public health leading to approximately 700,000 deaths each year and this number could increase to nearly 10 million deaths by 2050. The latest World Bank AMR report 'Pulling together to beat superbugs: knowledge and implementation gaps in addressing antimicrobial resistance' looks at seven case studies across the world which illustrate the critical need for contextualization in the efforts to curb AMR.

According to the report, 'countries can make AMR-related investments more efficient and cost-effective by improving both technical capacity and data quality as well as enhancing inter-agency coordination and building public awareness of the AMR challenge'. By using country-based case studies and identifying the key knowledge and implementation gaps, the report lays out an agenda for the research community to move AMR knowledge from the laboratory to the real world by focusing on improving the effectiveness of interventions through policies, programs and practices. It calls on the development community to focus on ‘AMR-smart’ solutions that go beyond technical efforts that solely focus on the misuse of antimicrobials.

The CGIAR AMR Hub, which is led by the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) has been applying a holistic approach to support the efforts of low- and middle-income countries (LIMCs) who bear the greatest burden of the AMR challenge.

Of the 23 key knowledge and implementation gaps identified in the World Bank report, ‘Limited capacity to identify and measure potential co-benefits across a broad array of AMR-sensitive interventions in country-specific contexts’ stands out. While this is true, the CGIAR AMR Hub is already researching interventions that would reduce antimicrobial use in aquaculture systems in LIMCs.

The external group of experts who provided inputs to this landmark report included individuals working at the CGIAR AMR Hub. Evelyn Wesangula (Ministry of Health, Kenya), Dieter Schillinger (ILRI/CGIAR), Jeff Waage (London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine) contributed to the report. Philip Amoah (IWMI/CGIAR) and Hung Nguyen(ILRI/CGIAR) reviewed the case studies in the report.

Download the full English version report: World Bank. 2019. “Pulling together to beat superbugs: knowledge and implementation gaps in addressing antimicrobial resistance.” Washington, DC: World Bank.

Review Jonathan Wadsworth presentation on fighting superbugs: https://www.slideshare.net/ILRI/amr-jonathan

CGIAR research program:

AMR Newsletter Issue 2

Ekta Patel — Sun, 06 Oct 2019 07:06:19 +0000

By Ekta Patel

The following newsletter provides access and overview of the content of the CGIAR AMR hub led by ILRI that has been developed with our scientific partners for this quarter

The following research highlights have been captured under the five pillars:

The following blog posts have been developed:

The following videos have been developed related to AMR by partners

Reducing antimicrobial resistance in Bangladesh aquaculture by World Fish includes a campaign to promote the Bengali version.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) educational video funded by UK BBSRC/GCRF led by Laura Falzon and Katie Hamilton who are part of the Zoonotic and Emerging Disease group based jointly between the University of Liverpool (UK) and the International Livestock Research Institute (Kenya). Both Laura Falzon and Katie Hamilton have been nominated for the University of Liverpool staff awards in the category of outstanding contribution to public engagement.

In other news:

The website had undergone some changes to capture research publications and improve navigation. We added an extra feature to push all articles to social media platform via twitter. Twitter feed shows that articles tagged to respective organizations, donors and partners received more attention. We encourage this as it brings added awareness to the partner community about the AMR hub.
Supported the free online course by Future Learn and SLU on Effective Livestock Production with Low Use of Antibiotics via social media.
Supporting LSHTM to promote Antibiotics Resistance and Agricultural Transitions series of seminars from Prof. Ellen Silbergeld held every Tuesday of each month:
- Recommend that if these talks are recorded they are shared with me so as to place them on the CGIAR AMR website
World Antibiotic Awareness Week (WAAW) will be held on the 18-24^th November 2019. The CGIAR AMR hub plans to carry out activities which will be shared as events through the website

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CGIAR research program:

A one-health perspective on antimicrobial resistance in Bangladesh's aquaculture

Ekta Patel — Fri, 26 Apr 2019 05:54:00 +0000

Written by Ekta Patel and Jerome Delamare-Deboutteville

Rapid risk assessment being conducted by women in a sub-district of
Dhaka, Bangladesh. Photo credit: Michelle Stone/Cefas

Disease-causing bacteria, viruses, and parasites can develop resistance to antimicrobial (AM) agents (like antibiotics, antivirals and antiparasitics) to which they were originally sensitive. This is known as antimicrobial resistance, or AMR, when treatments fail, infections persevere and spread to others. AMR is a “one-health” problem where the health of people, animals, plants and the environment are closely interconnected. In order to meet the global demand for aquatic animal proteins, the overall aquaculture production needs to double in the next 30 years. Intensification of the aquaculture sector will inevitably come with some diseases challenges and a risk to see an increase in antimicrobial use (AMU) to combat them making the sector a potential key site for the emergence and transmission of AMR.

Bangladesh is the world’s third largest inland producer of fish and shellfish that contributes to the country’s economic success. In recent years, the aquaculture sector has experienced a high disease burden often associated with an increase in antimicrobial use. In this context, one of the key challenges for Bangladesh Aquaculture is to maintain sustainable production without medicalization. As one of the Fleming Fund listed countries, Bangladesh receives financial support to tackle AMR with a specific focus on surveillance of antimicrobial use, resistant bacteria, and AMR risks.

An AMR workshop funded by the UK Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) under the cross UK Research Council “Tacking Antimicrobial Resistance” program was held on the 12-13 of February 2019 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The workshop followed on from two UK-funded research projects on the microbial dynamics of disease within Bangladeshi aquaculture and on the disease management practices on farms and in hatcheries. Over sixty participants attended the workshop representing the Department of Fisheries, the Government of Bangladesh, the UK Government, non-government, intra-government, commercial, academic researchers and practitioner communities from over 20 organizations (e.g. the University of Exeter, local universities, Cefas, WorldFish, FAO, WHO) from the human, livestock and aquaculture health sectors.

The workshop was co-organized and supported by the CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-Food Systems (FISH) led by WorldFish with contributions by the CGIAR Trust Fund.

The final report of the workshop written by Professor Stephen Hinchliffe from the University of Exeter can be found here. Below is a summary with some of the highlights from the report.

The workshop had four aims that were to 1) gain a better understanding of key aquaculture practices in Bangladesh, diseases issues and drivers of resistance risks within the aquaculture industry 2) define a one health approach to tackle AMR in Bangladesh through new initiatives 3) discuss the utilization of this knowledge to raise AMR awareness in any public or farmer campaigns 4) identify data needs and approaches for future characterization of AMR issues in Bangladeshi aquaculture. In order to obtain some tangible solutions to the challenges faced in Bangladeshi’s aquaculture, workshop’s participants were divided into three focus groups, namely, shrimp, finfish and integrated livestock and each group was invited to discuss and identify key messages on four broader themes:

Theme 1: Main uses of AM and sources of resistance risk in Bangladeshi aquaculture. While AM is used sparingly in Bangladeshi aquaculture to prevent or treat diseases. AMU is comparatively rare in sectors such as shrimp, and more common for finfish which is minor to the use in livestock (poultry). Medicines are becoming more common and freely available over the counter and shopkeepers are under pressure to stock treatments and advise farmers to use them, with no or little veterinary supervision. There is usually no record keeping. The quality of treatment available is variable as counterfeit medicines are common and rarely designed specifically for aquaculture use. In some cases locally made feeds have been reported to contain antimicrobials.

Theme 2: Generating AMR awareness. There was a consensus that there is a need to establish a process for farmers to report diseases/abnormal mortalities and seek diagnostic support. Based on the diagnosis, farmers should seek professional advice if antibiotic treatment is required and which appropriate treatment to use. It was also recognized that farmers should only buy medicines from reliable sources that have been approved for aquaculture. It was recognized that the misuse and overuse of AM can have serious health impacts on producers, consumers and the environment. The overall discussion emphasized the need for a national campaign to highlight the importance of pond health environment and how to improve it.

Theme 3: Data needs and surveillance of AMU and AMR risks. There is a need for a surveillance program of production, diseases and resistant pathogens. For this, a significant effort must be made on developing laboratory capacity, training of personnel, and the use of recognized and effective testing methods. Strong suggestions were made for investment in health management practices (prevention and control) and for greater regulation of medicines and policy enforcement.

Funded by the Department of Environment Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and the Fleming Fund, a joint program between the Department of Fisheries (DoF, Bangladesh), the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO; Poultry, Bangladesh), WorldFish, the Centre for Environment Fisheries and Aquaculture Science (CEFAS), the Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA) and the Veterinary Medicines Directorate (VMD) is in place to support coordination of training/education, capacity development, and to facilitate implementation of National Action Plans to enable international engagement to support action on AMR in Bangladesh.

Theme 4: Identifying key interventions. Since this area requires several partners to come together, DoF should be encouraged to develop a specific unit dedicated to the regulation of medicines use and the enforcement for compliance. Bangladesh Directorate General of Drug Administration (DGDA) can train fish health inspectors to act on their behalf to regulate and monitor AM uses at district levels. A similar initiative to the training of trainers (ToT) approach adopted by FAO with the Bangladesh Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance (BARA), can be applied in the aquaculture sector to raise awareness and inform the wider public around the issue of AMR in remote regions, stimulating the sharing and uptake of good practices for a one health alliance and foster AMU compliance at national level.

Conclusion

The workshop was concluded with some recommendations that were broken down into three broad areas, namely, Capacity, Surveillance and Awareness. These included developing a sustainable approach to training key personnel and training the trainers to deliver services needed within the laboratory and agricultural extension services. A coordinated surveillance program is needed to monitor antimicrobial sales, antimicrobial uses and antimicrobial resistance with an emphasis on aquaculture in order to provide good baseline data to inform interventions. Last but not least, it was recommended to develop tailored strategic awareness campaigns and approaches targeting farmers, shopkeepers, value chain holders and end users so as to have dual benefits of increasing reporting and to reduce overuse and misuse of antimicrobial treatments.

What’s next?

Support the Fleming Fund’s grant program by developing a protocol and guidelines for AMR surveillance in Aquaculture. WorldFish will lead this activity and will convene a workshop with main technical experts (WorldFish, Cefas, FAO, OIE, ILRI, etc.) to develop the protocol and having it peer reviewed. This will be followed by a pilot phase in four Fleming Fund countries (two in Africa and two in Asia).
The National Fish Health Management Strategy of Bangladesh (NFHMSB) recommends the “development of a national aquatic animal reference laboratory for diseases diagnosis, AMR, and aquaculture medicinal product (AMP)”. The UK International AMR Reference centre (IAMRC) for aquaculture led by Cefas in collaboration with the DoF Bangladesh and WorldFish are planning to support laboratory capacity building to undertake AMR surveillance in aquaculture. This will be done in Bangladesh via training in aquatic animal health bacteriology diagnostics, and antimicrobial sensitivity testing of bacteria of aquatic origin. One of the aims is to pilot AMR projects to fully embed and validate, the principles established during the training, as well as to provide pilot data on AMR in Bangladesh culture systems.

Below are links for additional information on the topic

Peer-reviewed articles

Hinchliffe S., Butcher A. & Rahman M.M. (2018). – The AMR problem: demanding economies, biological margins, and co-producing alternative strategies. Palgrave Communications, 4 (1), 142. doi:10.1057/s41599-018-0195-4 – Link here
Henriksson P.J.G., Rico A., Troell M., Klinger D.H., Buschmann A.H., Saksida S., Chadag M.V. & Zhang W. (2018). – Unpacking factors influencing antimicrobial use in global aquaculture and their implication for management: a review from a systems perspective. Sustain Sci, 13 (4), 1105–1120. doi:10.1007/s11625-017-0511-8. – Link here

YouTube videos and animation

Tackling AMR in Bangladesh – a One Health approach (developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations) – Link here
AMR in the Matrix -- An Irresponsible, Irresistible Parody (developed by BARA) – Link here
AMR animation to increase awareness on antibiotic usage in fish culture lead by the University of Exeter in collaboration with WorldFish and FAO – Link here

Facebook page: The Bangladesh Antimicrobial Resistance Alliance (BARA) – Link here

Blog story: Can Bangladesh’s aquaculture be sustainable without antibiotic use and what is required to achieve this?– Link here

CGIAR research program: