Antimicrobial Resistance Research Hub - Antimicrobial use

Antimicrobial resistance work package of the CGIAR Initiative on One Health

Tezira Lore — Fri, 17 Nov 2023 09:44:10 +0000

Antimicrobial resistance work package of the CGIAR Initiative on One Health

The CGIAR Initiative on One Health aims to demonstrate how One Health principles and tools integrated into food systems can help reduce and contain zoonotic disease outbreaks, improve food and water safety and reduce anti-microbial resistance, benefiting human, animal and environmental health.

The initiative carries out research under five work packages:

Emerging and neglected zoonoses
Food safety
Antimicrobial resistance
Water
Economics, governance and behaviour

The antimicrobial resistance work package, with research activities on aquaculture farms in Bangladesh and poultry farms in Kenya, takes a multi-pronged approach to reducing antimicrobial resistance:

Reducing antimicrobial use including irrational use (e.g. targeting non-susceptible pathogens) and inappropriate use (e.g. antimicrobial growth promoters).
Reducing the availability of falsified or poor-quality antimicrobials to reduce selection for antimicrobial resistance.
Reducing transmission of antimicrobial resistance. It also focuses on improving understanding of how the environment acts as a reservoir for antimicrobial resistance.

Starting date

January 1, 2022

Ending data

December 31, 2024

Pillar

Antimicrobial use

Country

Bangladesh, Kenya

Region

Africa, Eastern and Southern Africa, Asia, South Asia

Contacts

Management of animal diseases and antimicrobial use by information and communication technology to control antimicrobial resistance in East Africa

Tezira Lore — Fri, 24 Jun 2022 08:47:46 +0000

Management of animal diseases and antimicrobial use by information and communication technology to control antimicrobial resistance in East Africa

The goal of this project is to provide an information and communications technology framework for improved monitoring and control of antimicrobial use and antimicrobial resistance in livestock in low- and middle-income countries. The project is focused on the poultry value chain in Kenya and Uganda.

Antimicrobial resistance is a serious threat to global public health and interventions to address it are urgently required. The project applies information and communications technology in poultry production to enhance poultry health, reduce the need to use antibiotics and limit the risk of development and spread of antimicrobial resistance.

Objectives

Characterize the use of veterinary drugs in urban and peri-urban poultry production systems.
Develop and pilot an information and communications technology framework to monitor antimicrobial use and support delivery of animal health services.
Analyze the short-term impact of improved monitoring of antimicrobial use and animal health support.

Activities

Baseline survey of poultry farmers in Kajiado and Machakos counties in Kenya
Interviews with agro-veterinary operators, animal health service providers and farmers
Workshops to design the information and communication technology framework
Development and pilot-testing of applications
Data collection and analysis

Expected outcomes

Map of veterinary drug use and distribution in poultry systems in Kenya
Database to monitor drug use at agro-veterinary outlets
Information platform on controlling diseases and reducing antimicrobial resistance

Partners

International Livestock Research Institute
Makerere University
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
University of Nairobi

Starting date

June 1, 2020

Ending data

June 30, 2023

Pillar

Antimicrobial use

Country

Kenya, Uganda

Region

Africa, Eastern and Southern Africa

Contacts

Donors/Investors

Antibiotic use and resistance in poultry value chains in India

Ekta Patel — Mon, 02 Nov 2020 11:40:03 +0000

Antibiotic use and resistance in poultry value chains in India

The poultry sector in India has undergone a major change in the past two decades, with the market for broiler meat accounting for half of the total market for meat. To meet the increasing demand for broiler meat in the country, there is wide use of antibiotics as growth promoters in broiler production.

This project therefore aims to understand the consumption patterns of key antibiotics in poultry farms in Bangalore and Guwahati, India. The project evaluates the use, knowledge and practices pertaining to antibiotics in the poultry value chains, and identifies strategies and incentives to optimise the use of antibiotics.

Pillar

Antimicrobial use

Country

India

Region

Asia, South Asia

Contacts

Fleming Fund professional fellowships

admin — Mon, 28 Sep 2020 14:05:19 +0000

Fleming Fund professional fellowships

The Fleming Fund Professional Fellowship scheme aims to support the professional development of key practitioners in Fleming Fund countries, in both human health and animal health sectors, who play an important role in implementing antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use surveillance.

The scheme provides training, coaching and mentoring to improve fellows' skills and leadership capacity in gathering quality antimicrobial resistance diagnostic data, antimicrobial resistance and antimicrobial use data collection and management, analysis and use of surveillance results.

The CGIAR Antimicrobial Resistance Hub hosts fellows from Bangladesh, Kenya and Zambia.

Pillar

Antimicrobial use

Country

Bangladesh, Kenya, Zambia

Region

Africa, Eastern and Southern Africa, Asia, South Asia

Contacts

Donors/Investors

Reducing antimicrobial use in Uganda’s poultry value chain

admin — Mon, 28 Sep 2020 13:09:39 +0000

Reducing antimicrobial use in Uganda’s poultry value chain

The Government of Uganda developed an antimicrobial resistance national action plan (2018–2023) to guide the implementation of interventions to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance in the country.

The Boosting Uganda's Investment in Livestock Development project (2019–2023), led by the International Livestock Research Institute, supports the implementation of the national action plan through its research component on antimicrobial resistance.

The aim of the research is to understand current antimicrobial use in smallholder and commercial poultry production systems in Uganda, assess risks to humans from poultry-associated antimicrobial resistance, support evidence-based policy dialogue for antimicrobial surveillance strategies, and develop capacities within the poultry sector to prevent and control antimicrobial resistance.

Starting date

January 1, 2019

Ending data

December 31, 2023

Pillar

Antimicrobial use

Country

Uganda

Region

Africa, Eastern and Southern Africa

Contacts

Donors/Investors

Addressing antimicrobial resistance in the Kenya dairy sector

admin — Mon, 28 Sep 2020 12:55:23 +0000

Addressing antimicrobial resistance in the Kenya dairy sector

Kenya’s dairy sector contributes approximately 6-8% of gross domestic product with an annual milk production of 3.4 billion litres and over 1.8 million smallholder milk-producing households. Almost 80% of raw fresh milk is sold to consumers through informal markets and there is a growing demand for milk.

Antimicrobials are used in farm animals to prevent and treat diseases or as growth promoters, which can result in antimicrobial residues in milk that may exceed the established maximum residue limits. This is of concern as this sub-lethal concentration of antimicrobials can select for antimicrobial resistance.

This project aims to collect and analyse milk samples from smallholder dairy farms in Kipkelion East Subcounty, Kericho County. The data collected on antimicrobial use and resistance levels in dairy cattle will improve antimicrobial resistance surveillance and lead to a better understanding of the knowledge, attitudes and practices of smallholder farmers on the use of veterinary antibiotics.

Pillar

Antimicrobial use

Country

Kenya

Region

Africa, Eastern and Southern Africa

Contacts

Donors/Investors

Evaluating antimicrobial resistance in the global shrimp industry

Ekta Patel — Tue, 10 Mar 2020 14:13:34 +0000

Contact Details:

Kelly Thornber (k.thornber@exeter.ac.uk) and Charles R. Tyler (c.r.tyler@exeter.ac.uk) Biosciences, University of Exeter, Geoffrey Pope Building, Stocker Road, Exeter EX4 4QD, UK.

Background

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing threat to global public health, and the overuse of antibiotics in animals has been identified as a major risk factor. With high levels of international trade and direct connectivity to the aquatic environment, shrimp aquaculture may play a role in global AMR dissemination. The vast majority of shrimp production occurs in low‐ and middle‐income countries, where antibiotic quality and usage is widely unregulated, and where the integration of aquaculture with family livelihoods offers many opportunities for human, animal and environmental bacteria to come into close contact. Assessing the scale of the risk of AMR dissemination in the shrimp industry is a considerable challenge because obtaining reliable data on antibiotic usage is very difficult. Combating the risks associated with AMR dissemination is also challenging due to the increasing trend towards intensification and its associated disease burden, and because many farmers currently have no alternatives to antibiotics for preventing crop failure. In this review, we critically assess the potential risks the shrimp industry poses to AMR dissemination and discuss some of the possible risk mitigation strategies that could be considered by the shrimp industry as it strives for a more sustainable future in production.

Overview

This review aimed to evaluate the current understanding of the role of the shrimp aquaculture industry in the emergence and dissemination of AMR by highlighting the socioeconomic, political and cultural aspects of AMR risks and outlines the major challenges that must overcome in order to mitigate these risks.

Research Impact

The review critically assesses the potential risks the shrimp industry poses to AMR dissemination. Also discussed are the possible risk mitigation strategies to be considered by the shrimp industry for a sustainable future in production.

Researchers

Kelly Thornber ^1,2, David Verner-Jeffreys^1,3, Steve Hinchliffe^1,4, Muhammad Meezanur Rahman⁵, David Bass^1,3, and Charles R. Tyler^1,2

Institutions Involved

1 Centre for Sustainable Aquaculture Futures, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK  

2 Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK  

3 Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Weymouth, UK  

4 Department of Geography, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK  

5 WorldFish Bangladesh, World Fish Bangladesh Office, Dhaka, Bangladesh

Funding

This work was supported by a

BBSRC-funded Daphne Jackson Fellowship (KT),
BBSRC-Newton Babba grant (‘Novel molecular approaches for advancing prediction and mitigation of disease outbreaks in aquaculture for small scale farmers
ESRC grant under the cross UK Research Council ‘Tacking Antimicrobial Resistance’ program
MMR is supported by the CGIAR Research Program on Fish Agri-food Systems (FISH).

More information

Download a pdf version of this project here:

Thornber_et_al-2019-Reviews_in_Aquaculture.pdf

Identifying hotspots for antibiotic resistance emergence and selection, and elucidating pathways to human exposure: Application of a systems-thinking approach to aquaculture

Ekta Patel — Fri, 28 Jun 2019 13:01:34 +0000

Contact Details

Lucy Brunton (lbrunton@rvc.ac.uk). Lecturer in Molecular Epidemiology. Royal Veterinary College, University of London.

Background

Aquaculture systems are complex and influenced by environmental changes, cultural, human behavioural and socio-economic factors. In low and middle-income countries the intensification of aquaculture production is likely to drive indiscriminate use antibiotics to treat or prevent diseases and or to increase productivity, often to compensate for deficiencies in management and husbandry.

Project Overview

A systems-thinking approach was undertaken to map components, interactions and flow of products in two commercially important aquaculture systems in Vietnam. The aim was to identify hotspots for the emergence and selection of antibiotic use and hotspots for human explore to antibiotics, antibiotic resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistant genes, as well as identify potential drivers of antibiotic use and interventions to reduce antibiotic use and antibiotic resistance in striped catfish and white-leg shrimp production.

Research Impact

The findings of this study have provided a platform to quantify risks at different time points, understand the interaction of the various components, identify key stakeholders who can lead and implement changes. Furthermore, the maps generated can be used to understand the flow of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance bacterial and antibiotic resistance genes in the system.

This study has demonstrated that the application of integrated and inter-disciplinary approach to characterize antibiotic use in aquaculture by using systems thinking and mapping by stakeholders has been successful in providing a platform to quantify risks a

Researchers

Lucy Brunton^a, Andrew Desbois^b, Maria Garza^a, Barbara Wieland^c, Chadag Vishnumurthy Mohan^d, Barbara Häsler^a, Clarence Tam^e,f, Phug Nguyen Thien Le^g, Nguyen Phuong^h, Phan Thi Vanⁱ, Hung Nguyen Viet^j, Mohamoud Eltholth^b,k, Dang Kim Phan^l, Phuc Pham Duc^m, Nguyen Linh^g, Karl Rich^j, Ana Mateus^a, Md. Ahasanul Hoqueⁿ, Abdul Ahadⁿ, Mohamed Khanⁿ, Alexandra Adams^b, Javier Guitian^a.

Institutions Involved

Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health Group, Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
Institute of Aquaculture, Pathfoot Building, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK
International Livestock Research Institute, P.O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
WorldFish, Jalan Batu Maung, Batu Maung, 11960 Bayan Lepas, Penang, Malaysia
London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK
National University of Singapore, National University Health System, 1E Kent Ridge Rd, Singapore
School of Biotechnology, International University - Vietnam National University HCMC, Đông Hoà, Thủ Đức, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, Can Tho University, Campus 2, 3/2 street, Xuân Khánh, Ninh Kiều, Cần Thơ, Viet Nam
Research Institute for Aquaculture No. 1, Đình Bảng, Từ Sơn, Bắc Ninh, Viet Nam
International Livestock Research Institute, 298 Kim Ma Street, Ba Dinh District, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kafrelsheikh University, El Guish St., Kafr El Sheikh, Egypt
Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Trau Quy, Gia Lam, Hanoi, Viet Nam
Hanoi University of Public Health, 1A Đức Thắng, Phường Đức Thắng, Đông Ngạc, Bắc Từ Liêm, Hà Nội, Viet Nam
Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Zakir Hossain Road, Khulshi, Chittagong, Bangladesh

Funding

UK Medical Research Council, CGIAR Research Program on FISH, CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH).

More information

Full publication available here: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.134
More available here

Metrics and methods for assessing antibiotic use at the granular level in humans and livestock in LMICs

Cevelyn — Mon, 18 Feb 2019 11:48:34 +0000

Contact details:

Clare Chandler (clare.chandler@lshtm.ac.uk). Co-director of the Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.

Background

Antimicrobial use (AMU) has been identified as a key driver of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). However, measuring AMU across different settings is a major challenge given the variety of antibiotics in use, the variety of sources and supply chains for antibiotics, the large size of informal markets and the difficulty of knowing what is prescribed and what is finally used by an individual, and for how long. Even more challenging is how we might meaningfully measure and compare antibiotic use across the human and livestock domains, and in terms of environmental residues.

Surveillance about antimicrobial usage in human and animal health sectors is at the core of the World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Action Plan and the World Animal Health Organisation (OIE) plan. Typically, antibiotic surveillance aims to collate national sales figures expressed per human or livestock population as a starting point, although this is currently highly incomplete, especially in most low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). However, there is even less data available on antibiotic use at the granular level, i.e. on provision by individual provider type and use by individual patients or livestock keepers. Interventions aimed at reducing risk are often aimed at this level; maximising effectiveness will require addressing this gap in rigorous and representative granular data.

Workshop overview

This workshop aimed to facilitate inter-sectoral and interdisciplinary discussions by bringing together a unique combination of researchers, policy makers and funders from both the human and livestock health sectors, with interest and expertise in antibiotic resistance and the linkages with antibiotic use. The specific objectives of the workshop were¹:

Review the methods and metrics for collecting granular data on antibiotic use in LMICs
Identify key data needs for policy making
Identify challenges involved in collecting robust and comparable data both within and across the human and livestock domains, and
Discuss the next steps in developing methods and metrics for widespread, One Health use in LMICs.

Initially, a literature review about available tools to collect information about AMU was conducted to identify any potential gaps in literature. Subsequently, an intersectoral workshop organised by the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine and supported by the Improving Human Health flagship project of the CGIAR research program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) was held over two-days (21^stand 22nd November 2017). Presentations and roundtables were carried out to motivate discussions.

Lessons learned

Several topics emerged from discussions to be considered when developing metrics and techniques for measuring AMU.

The selection of metrics and measurement approaches will depend on the objectives to be met. For example, to understand drivers of antimicrobial resistance and to propose interventions to evaluate AMR, it is necessary to collect information at a granular level disaggregating the volume of antibiotics in use by different provider types, different patient/animal cases, and across different sectors and locations. While ideally such data would be collected using a One Health approach, the methodological challenges of this were recognised.
The heterogeneity of antimicrobial supply systems and products across countries and sectors need to be taken into consideration during data collection and planning.
Solely quantitative metrics are undesirable when gathering data about AMU, with qualitative methods highly valued for both informing the design of quantitative data collection, and interpreting its results. Additionally, insights from experts in policy implementation and research are highly valuable in the data collection processes. Furthermore, a progressive or staged approach that displays a range of data collection options would allow countries to select which is more applicable and pertinent considering the resources available.
Sampling strategies may differ depending on the purpose of the sampling, and the level and supply system to be measured. A One-health approach will likely require more than one sampling strategy.
Volume metrics, especially relative antibiotic volumes by different sectors, areas, providers and case mix, were seen as valuable. An appropriate metric to measure volume is important to collect comparable and scalable information. This metric should be based on the total population at risk. Measuring milligrams of antibiotic per weight (considering 70 kg adult human and the population correction unit for livestock biomass) was proposed to be a promising metric that might be piloted for use across human and livestock populations.
Volume data collection tools require further development. As well as needing to be relevant for given contexts – case mix, species mix, supply systems – data collection needs to consider the reliability of data sources where different incentives, regulations and levels of black-market activity are prevalent. Volume data should be interpreted alongside actual use at the patient and farmer level. Lessons can be drawn from the malaria world about strategies to measure volumes using a total market approach (i.e. including all types of provider).

Next steps

The workshop confirmed the methodological challenges of assessing antimicrobial use across the human, animal and environmental domains. Although the interest in this topic has increased through the years, data at the granular level are still scarce in LMICs. If such data are to be generated, further work is required to develop generalisable but meaningful protocols for measurement both for human and animal use, and the potential for combining efforts across sectors requires further consideration and piloting. Such data should support the tripartite group formed by WHO, OIE and FAO in their efforts to collate antibiotic use data. The group recommended the following priorities moving forward:

Creation of a sharing platform and a community of practice,
Establishment of a working group to develop a progressive pathway for antibiotic use surveillance for countries to position themselves within,
Increased dialogue between AMR modellers and AMU experts to improve the applicability of use data for analysing the drivers of resistance, and
Development of small pilot case studies across several different countries and regional sites”¹.

Research Impact

The success of interventions to regulate AMU relies on having good, well planned and reliable metrics to assess them. By reviewing metrics to measure antibiotic use at granular and national/state levels, researchers engaged in this project aimed to contribute to the development of methods for objectively and comparatively assessing antibiotic use, highlighting the different challenges faced in the human, animal and environmental domains, and accounting for all potential factors (illegal markets, types of medicines, etc.) that can affect these figures.

Researchers

Kevin Queenan^5,1, Clare Chandler¹, Catherine Goodman¹.

Institutions involved

Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).
Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations (FAO).
World Health Organization (WHO).
Royal Veterinary College of London, UK.

Research Subject Area(s)

Human health, Public health, Antimicrobial Use (AMU), Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

Funding

This study was funded by the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health Program (A4NH).

More information

Queenan, K., Chandler, C.I.R., and Goodman, C. 2017. Meeting report: Metrics and methods for assessing antibiotic use at the granular level in humans and livestock in LMICs. Available online at: https://amr.lshtm.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2018/06/LSHTM-ABU-Metrics-and-Methods-Review-Nov17.pdf
AMR-LSHTM. Metrics and Methods for Assessing Antibiotic Use: Roundtable Events, Seminars |21 November 2017. Available online at: https://amr.lshtm.ac.uk/2018/01/08/metrics-methods-assessing-antibiotic/
Queenan, K., Chandler, C.I.R., and Goodman, C. 2017. A review of methods and metrics for studying human and livestock antibiotic use at the granular level. A Pre-read for Roundtable discussion in London, 21&22nd November 2017. Available online at: https://amr.lshtm.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2018/06/LSHTM-ABU-Metrics-and-Methods-Review-Nov17.pdf

Download a pdf version of this project here:

AMU_metrics.pdf

Collecting data on antibiotic use in animals

Cevelyn — Sun, 17 Feb 2019 13:16:38 +0000

Contact details:

Clare Chandler (clare.chandler@lshtm.ac.uk). London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.

Barbara Wieland (b.wieland@cgiar.org). International Livestock Research Institute.

Background

The use of antibiotics in production animals is currently one of the main concerns of AMR experts, international organizations, governmental institutions and scientific community. It is known, that in many parts of the world, especially in LMICs, antibiotics are used as growth promoters for livestock and they form part of various animal feed formulas. Even though the link between this fact and the emergence of resistance is not yet well understood, it has been proposed that incorrect use of antibiotics in animals could be acting as a main driver of antimicrobial resistance. Despite this fact, not much information about how, why and what antibiotics are being used in animals is currently available. Moreover, it has been previously suggested that information about AMU at the granular level is vital to generate reliable volumetric data.

To date, many tools to collect information of use of antibiotics (ABU) in animals have been developed. However, these tools need to be improved and harmonised in order to be used in AMR surveillance systems. Especially challenging is to create a harmonised tool that can measure antibiotics use at a granular level, given the variety of factors that influence them and the difficulty of comparing ABU across animal and human health sectors.

Discussing tools used for assessing antimicrobial use

We conducted a workshop bringing together scientists working with different tools to gather information about ABU. The aim of the workshop was to discuss and analyse ways these tools can be improved or modified towards the development of a harmonised methodology that objectively measures ABU. The workshop brought together scientists working on antimicrobial use in Vietnam, Uganda, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Malawi, Tanzania and Thailand.

The workshop was organised by the CGIAR research program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) and the CGIAR research program on Livestock and was held in Uganda over two days (22^ndand 23^rdOctober, 2018). Initially, researchers presented an overview of their research and shared their experiences testing the tools they have developed and discussed the potential limitations and advantages of their methodologies. Subsequently, some key topics emerged and were further discussed, resulting in a map showcasing the complexities of the use of antibiotics at the farm level and beyond.

Lessons learned

The workshop highlighted the fact that developing a completely harmonised tool to be used in different settings and across public health and livestock sectors will be a challenging process to overcome. From experiences shared, strengths and weaknesses of the tools evaluated were identified, and although they were useful in collecting data at a granular level for the studies they were used, they were context-specific. Most of them were able to collect valuable qualitative information of the specific site studied, however, none were able to generate reliable volumetric data, which is a fundamental characteristic of a tool to be used in a surveillance system. Similarly, it was also recognised that although working with a One Health perspective is crucial to develop a reliable tool it would be a difficult challenge to overcome as ABU varies between health sectors.

Consequently, participants emphasised the need to work under a framework that allows a critical appraisal of the usefulness of the information collected. And they discussed the convenience of developing a partly harmonised tool that has a core structure that could be used across different settings, to facilitate monitoring of trends overtime. But at the same time, tool need to allow some flexibility and adaptability to the context where data collection takes place.

Next steps

Potential next steps suggested during the workshop were¹:

Comparison of the existing data collection tools from the livestock and human sectors.
Ascertaining whether the generation of specific volumetric data is necessary for ABU surveillance.
Establishing which aspects of data collection could be harmonised across sectors.
Understanding what resources would be needed to upscale site-specific research into a surveillance programme.

Research Impact

By developing a harmonised tool that comprehensively captures information about ABU across different health sectors and settings the study will contribute with the development of national and international surveillance and monitoring systems for ABU, allowing metanalyses to be performed and monitoring trends over time, and promoting the collection of data from a ‘One Health’ perspective.

Researchers and Participants

Clare Chandler¹, Barbara Wieland³, Ulf Magnusson⁶, Amia Winfred³, Biruk Alemu³, Catherine Nichole Hunt⁸, Christine Nabirye¹^,4, David Kiryabwire, Denis Byarugaba⁹, Dickson Ndoboli⁹, Hang Tran Ming⁷, Esther Sophie Rottenburg¹^,4, Gunilla Stroem⁶, Laurie Michelle Denyer Willis¹^,4, Lawrence Mugisha⁹, Louis Omoya³, Mark Caudell⁵, Michel Dione³, Miriam Kayendeke¹^,4, Nichola Naylor¹, Peter Oba³, Sheila Ayoo³, Susan Nayiga¹^,4,

Institutions involved

London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, UK.
Antimicrobial Resistance Centre, UK.
International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI).
Antimicrobials in Society (AMIS), UK.
Food and Agriculture Organization for the United Nations (FAO).
Swedish University Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden.
Vietnam Academy of Social Science, Vietnam.
University of Liverpool, UK.
University of Makerere, Uganda.

Research Subject Area(s)

Human health, Public health, Animal health, Antibiotic Use (ABU), Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)

Funding

CGIAR research program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH)
CGIAR research program on Livestock

More information

Antimicrobial Resistance Centre and International Livestock Research Institute. Collecting data on antibiotic use in animals: Entebbe workshop proceedings. 22-23rd October 2018. Available online at https://amr.lshtm.ac.uk/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2018/06/LSHTM-Collec...

Download a pdf version of this project here:

AMUSE_Entebbe.pdf